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In a recent post, I raised some areas of confusion in cognitive science. These are not outright neuromyths, perhaps, but they are areas where people may take a good idea and misinterpret it.
One possible result is an oversimplification of the research that leads practitioners to apply a particular technique only in one situation where it could apply to many, thus missing out on its full benefits. An example raised last time would be assuming that retrieval practice (see update #36) can only be applied via a quiz.
Worse still, a lethal mutation may result – a distorted version of the technique that is less effective, not effective at all, or actively harmful to learning.
The key idea here is that if we are going to apply evidence to education, the way that techniques are put into practice must stay faithful to what the evidence actually shows.
Last time I wrote about three issues: retrieval practice, interleaving, and cognitive load theory. Below are two further areas that can cause problems.
Issue 4: Is it really dual coding?
Dual coding has become widely known as a cognitive science technique in education. It is also rather notorious for being easily misinterpreted and conflated with learning myths. Consider, for example, this post by Megan Sumeracki: ‘Dual coding vs. learning styles’.
Rather than replacing text or complex ideas with visuals (as may be recommended to people who are mistakenly viewed as ‘visual learners’), the point of dual coding is that the visuals are in addition to text (the clue is in the name, really!).
Further, the visual needs to be processed, with the processing providing support to understanding. Again, it’s not really dual coding if the learner does not need to make sense of both the text and the image, and can ignore the latter:
Bad application: A pretty illustration on a Powerpoint. This does not lead to dual coding.
Better application: A diagram or animation showing how neurons connect together. The visual supports meaningful understanding, enhancing information that the student can learn from the text.
Issue 5: Getting spacing wrong
Compared to interleaving, the spacing effect always strikes me as a pretty simple idea. One of the most common questions I am asked is, “How long should we space things out for?”. This depends on various factors, but in general, the greater the spacing, the better!
A bigger problem arises when people think that spacing is just about putting gaps into their schedule. When a student is studying for exams, for example, they may assume that studying an hour from 10–11 a.m. and then another hour from 2–3 p.m. is better than studying two hours from 10 till noon. That is not what the spacing effect shows. In many cases such a gap would be unnecessarily long, and could mean that the student’s study approach is inefficient! In short, spacing is more about when material is practiced, not about studying less overall.
As Nate Kornell says in this article, a similar flawed assumption would be that reading five chapters one per night is better than reading all five in one day. This might perhaps be true, but again, that is not what the spacing effect research shows. The effect is about practising the same content after a delay.
So, for example, if you want to practice a musical scale, the spacing effect helps to suggest how different practice sessions of the same scale could be scheduled
Of course, studying intensively is associated with other issues, too (fatigue, mind wandering, etc), but these are separate issues that would apply even if the practice was scheduled optimally.
(Read more on the spacing effect here: update #39).
I’ll sign off with some further reading on dual coding:
Paivio, A. (2006, Sept 30). Dual coding theory and education [conference paper].
I hope that helps. Again, I am not quite done on this issue – I will tackle further areas in a future post. I’d also love to know your thoughts and examples.
Hope you have a great week,
Jonathan
Last time: Getting Ready for College
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